"Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke"@en . "--09-26"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "Clarke entered the French army in 1782. With the outbreak of the French Revolution, Clarke served in the early French Revolutionary Wars in the Army of the Rhine and by 1793 had been promoted to general de brigade. In 1795 Clarke was briefly arrested. After his release, Clarke lived in Alsace until Lazare Carnot sent him to Italy to serve as Napol\u00E9on Bonaparte's Chief topographical officer until he was sent to Sardinia. After 18 Brumaire, Clarke served as Chief of the Topographical Bureau, State Councillor, state secretary for the army and navy. During the war against Austria in 1805, Clarke was appointed governor of Vienna and during the war against Prussia in 1806 he served as governor of Erfurt and of Berlin. In 1807, Napol\u00E9on appointed Clarke Minister of War. His role in thwarting the British invasion of the Netherlands, the Walcheren Campaign in 1809, lead to the emperor creating him Duke of Feltre (extinguished in 1852 but extended in 1864). Clarke served as Minister of War until the end of Napol\u00E9on's reign. When the allies neared Paris, Clarke mounted an ineffectual defense of the capital and was one of the generals pressing for Napol\u00E9on's abdication. After Napol\u00E9on's abdication he was replaced as minister of war by Dupont de l'\u00C9tang but Louis XVIII of France made him a Peer of France. When Napol\u00E9on landed in Southern France in March 1815 to reclaim his throne, Clarke was again made Minister of War and served until the Bourbon government fled. When the King fled to Ghent, Clarke followed him. After Napol\u00E9on's second abdication, Clarke was made Minister of War once more and served in that capacity until 1817 when Gouvion Saint-Cyr took over. He was then given command of the 15th Military Division. In 1816 he was made a Marshal of France. Clarke died in 1818."@en . "--08-19"^^ . . . "--03-11"^^ . "Clarke entered the French army in 1782. With the outbreak of the French Revolution, Clarke served in the early French Revolutionary Wars in the Army of the Rhine and by 1793 had been promoted to general de brigade. In 1795 Clarke was briefly arrested. After his release, Clarke lived in Alsace until Lazare Carnot sent him to Italy to serve as Napol\u00E9on Bonaparte's Chief topographical officer until he was sent to Sardinia. After 18 Brumaire, Clarke served as Chief of the Topographical Bureau, State Councillor, state secretary for the army and navy. During the war against Austria in 1805, Clarke was appointed governor of Vienna and during the war against Prussia in 1806 he served as governor of Erfurt and of Berlin."@en . . . . . . . . . . .