. . "The two same teams always compete, meaning one of them has to win to the detriment of the entire country, so most voters concede that there is no real winner."@en . . . "A republic is a form of government in which the populace selects representatives to legislate laws on their behalf."@en . "A mid to late game civic Republic provides a number of advantages including a boost to culture and great person birth rate in all cities. Republic also provides happiness for the 5 largest cities in any empire. Unlike other civics Republic also causes a happiness penalty in other civilizations that don't use Republic. So for only a medium upkeep Republic provides extra happiness for one civilization while penalizing happiness in others."@en . "Republic"@de . . . . "Die Republic ist ein Raumschiff der irdischen Sternenflotte im 22. Jahrhundert. Sie steht unter dem Kommando von Captain Jennings. Bevor Erika Hernandez ihren Posten als Captain auf der Columbia antritt, dient sie auf der Republic. Sie nimmt bei Antritt den Chefkoch der Republic mit auf die Columbia. (ENT: )"@de . . "no"@en . "no"@en . . . . . "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.59 square miles, all of it land. Republic is located near the source of the Sanpoil River in a long valley bordered by the Okanagan Highlands to the west and the Kettle Mountain Range to the east. Curlew Lake, 7 miles long (Elev: 2400 ft), provides fishing and boating to summer visitors northeast of Republic. Swan Lake is small mountain lake 14 miles (23 km) to the south of Republic and also serves to be a popular lake for local residents and tourists to visit. Republic is surrounded by the Colville National Forest and to the south is the Colville Indian Reservation."@en . "A republic is a form of government or country in which power resides in elected individuals representing the citizen body and government leaders exercise power according to the rule of law. In modern times, the definition of a republic is commonly limited to a government which excludes a monarch."@en . "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.59 square miles, all of it land. Republic is located near the source of the Sanpoil River in a long valley bordered by the Okanagan Highlands to the west and the Kettle Mountain Range to the east. Curlew Lake, 7 miles long (Elev: 2400 ft), provides fishing and boating to summer visitors northeast of Republic. Swan Lake is small mountain lake 14 miles (23 km) to the south of Republic and also serves to be a popular lake for local residents and tourists to visit. Republic is surrounded by the Colville National Forest and to the south is the Colville Indian Reservation."@en . . . "no"@en . . "Active"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The two same teams always compete, meaning one of them has to win to the detriment of the entire country, so most voters concede that there is no real winner."@en . . . . . . "A Republic was a system of government. The Fifth Republic is an example of a Republic."@en . . . . . . . "None."@en . . "A mid to late game civic Republic provides a number of advantages including a boost to culture and great person birth rate in all cities. Republic also provides happiness for the 5 largest cities in any empire. Unlike other civics Republic also causes a happiness penalty in other civilizations that don't use Republic. So for only a medium upkeep Republic provides extra happiness for one civilization while penalizing happiness in others."@en . "Republic (sometimes referred to in-game as \"The Republic\") is a fairly early technology in the Civilization games, allowing the government of the same name."@en . . . . "Die Republic ist ein Raumschiff der irdischen Sternenflotte im 22. Jahrhundert. Sie steht unter dem Kommando von Captain Jennings. Bevor Erika Hernandez ihren Posten als Captain auf der Columbia antritt, dient sie auf der Republic. Sie nimmt bei Antritt den Chefkoch der Republic mit auf die Columbia. (ENT: )"@de . . "The Republic, officially known as the Galactic Republic, is the sovereign political entity that controls a majority of the galaxy."@en . . . . . "Formerly the Kaisers Advisers, fronted by Charlie Robinson, a prolific band who played regularly everywhere or so it seemed at the time, regulars at the Wilde Club, they featured on Baz McHatt records, self released an EP and a CD and also appeared on two Noisebox Records releases. In addition, they recorded a four track session for Radio 1 at Maida Vale, which was broadcast on the evening show."@en . "A Republic is a Government type in Empire: Total War. Lower classes revolt; a monarchy falls, and a republic is formed."@en . "no"@en . . . . "De Republic was een sterrenschip van Starfleet onder het commando van kapitein Jennings tijdens de 22e eeuw. Erika Hernandez diende, voordat ze het commando kreeg van de Columbia, aan boord van de Republic. Tevens was het de voormalige post van de chef van de Columbia. Dit was een \"cadeautje\" van kapitein Jennings. (ENT: \"Affliction\") De Republic is nooit op het scherm vertoond, waardoor de klasse van het schip onbekend is."@nl . . . . "De Republic was een sterrenschip van Starfleet onder het commando van kapitein Jennings tijdens de 22e eeuw. Erika Hernandez diende, voordat ze het commando kreeg van de Columbia, aan boord van de Republic. Tevens was het de voormalige post van de chef van de Columbia. Dit was een \"cadeautje\" van kapitein Jennings. (ENT: \"Affliction\") De Republic is nooit op het scherm vertoond, waardoor de klasse van het schip onbekend is."@nl . . . . "Republic"@en . . . "The Republic provides a solid foundation for a nation planning on building up a strong economy early in the game. Nations planning to wage early wars should consider picking the Republic's counterpart, the Despotism."@en . . . . . . . . . "Republic"@nl . . . . "Asylia was a republic/partial democracy under the Guardians' rule."@en . . . "A republic can be defined in many different ways. One of the more common definitions is simply \"a country which is not a monarchy\". Another definition says that a republic is \"a country where sovereignty rests with the people or the nation, rather than with the ruler\". A third definition stresses the importance of laws and constitutions, defining a republic as \"a country governed on the basis of laws rather than the wishes of individuals, where everyone is equally subject to the law\". Some simply define a republic as being a democracy. There are many other definitions of the word, and what one person considers to be a republic, another person may not."@en . "Asylia was a republic/partial democracy under the Guardians' rule."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "A republic is a form of government or country in which power resides in elected individuals representing the citizen body and government leaders exercise power according to the rule of law. In modern times, the definition of a republic is commonly limited to a government which excludes a monarch."@en . . "A Republic is a Government type in Empire: Total War. Lower classes revolt; a monarchy falls, and a republic is formed."@en . . "The Republic provides a solid foundation for a nation planning on building up a strong economy early in the game. Nations planning to wage early wars should consider picking the Republic's counterpart, the Despotism."@en . . . . . "2154"^^ . . "Republic"@en . . . "Republicanism is an ideal formed in Ancient Rome, with the Senate electing Consuls and there being tribunals, at it's core, a republic is a representative democracy with themes of nationalism. The Most Serene Republic of Venice, with it's elected Doges, is a prominent European republic of this time seen in Renaissance Kingdom as a powerful Italian nation far to the North of realms like the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. Republics in ideaology have been imagined by some criminal, anarchist, or revolutionary forces which have often failed in the Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Ireland, or Kingdom of Scotland. Some of these ideals, at least in form, have been persisted as a theme to some forces such as The Populares Party which once existed, and in affiliation, the Wolves of Sherwood, a criminal organization. Even organizations like NNGO and Fury would ensue anarchy and sectionalism and decentralized governments through their campaigns in nations against forces of authority such as the King of England or King of Scots. Republicanism is thus a respected institution in some places, but a theme for revolutionary cause in others where it is not institutionalized."@en . "Republic (sometimes referred to in-game as \"The Republic\") is a fairly early technology in the Civilization games, allowing the government of the same name."@en . . . . "most gladly have I escaped the thing of which you speak; I feel as if I had escaped from a mad and furious master. Note: 329c because you are rich, and wealth is well known to be a great comforter. Note: 329e makers of fortunes have a second love of money as a creation of their own, resembling the affection of authors for their own poems, Note: 330c when a man thinks himself to be near death, fears and cares enter into his mind which he never had before; the tales of a world below and the punishment which is exacted there of deeds done here were once a laughing matter to him, but now he is tormented with the thought that they may be true: Note: 330e And the great blessing of riches, I do not say to every man, but to a good man, Note: 331b but as concerning justice, what is it?\u2014to speak the truth and to pay your debts\u2014no more than this? And even to this are there not exceptions? Note: 331c For he certainly does not mean, as we were just now saying, that I ought to return a deposit of arms or of anything else to one who asks for it when he is not in his right senses; Note: 331e And what is that which justice gives, and to whom? Note: 332d justice is nothing else than the interest of the stronger. Note: 338c But are the rulers of states absolutely infallible, or are they sometimes liable to err? To be sure, he replied, they are liable to err. Then in making their laws they may sometimes make them rightly, and sometimes not? Note: 339c Then justice, according to your argument, is not only obedience to the interest of the stronger but the reverse? Note: 339d the just is always a loser in comparison with the unjust. Note: 343d you thought that the shepherd as a shepherd tends the sheep not with a view to their own good, but like a mere diner or banquetter with a view to the pleasures of the table; or, again, as a trader for sale in the market, and not as a shepherd. Note: 345d neither arts nor governments provide for their own interests; but, as we were before saying, they rule and provide for the interests of their subjects who are the weaker and not the stronger\u2014to their good they attend and not to the good of the superior. Note: 346e Now the worst part of the punishment is that he who refuses to rule is liable to be ruled by one who is worse than himself. Note: 347d Then the just is like the wise and good, and the unjust like the evil and ignorant? Note: 350c And this is because injustice creates divisions and hatreds and fighting, and justice imparts harmony and friendship; Note: 351d I should like to know also whether injustice, having this tendency to arouse hatred, wherever existing, among slaves or among freemen, will not make them hate one another and set them at variance and render them incapable of common action? Note: 351e And that to which an end is appointed has also an excellence? Need I ask again whether the eye has an end? Note: 353b And we have admitted that justice is the excellence of the soul, and injustice the defect of the soul? Note: 353e They say that to do injustice is, by nature, good; to suffer injustice, evil; but that the evil is greater than the good. And so when men have both done and suffered injustice and have had experience of both, not being able to avoid the one and obtain the other, they think that they had better agree among themselves to have neither; hence there arise laws and mutual covenants; and that which is ordained by law is termed by them lawful and just. Note: 359a justice, being at a middle point between the two, is tolerated not as a good, but as the lesser evil, and honoured by reason of the inability of men to do injustice. For no man who is worthy to be called a man would ever submit to such an agreement if he were able to resist; he would be mad if he did. Note: 359b (he who is found out is nobody:) Note: 361a he can offer sacrifices, and dedicate gifts to the gods abundantly and magnificently, and can honour the gods or any man whom he wants to honour in a far better style than the just, and therefore he is likely to be dearer than they are to the gods. Note: 362c And mendicant prophets go to rich men's doors and persuade them that they have a power committed to them by the gods of making an atonement for a man's own or his ancestor's sins by sacrifices or charms, with rejoicings and feasts; Note: 364b for if we are just, although we may escape the vengeance of heaven, we shall lose the gains of injustice; but, if we are unjust, we shall keep the gains, and by our sinning and praying, and praying and sinning, the gods will be propitiated, and we shall not be punished. Note: 366a I propose therefore that we enquire into the nature of justice and injustice, first as they appear in the State, and secondly in the individual, proceeding from the greater to the lesser and comparing them. Note: 369a And how will they proceed? Will each bring the result of his labours into a common stock?\u2014the individual husbandman, for example, producing for four, and labouring four times as long and as much as he need in the provision of food with which he supplies others as well as himself; or will he have nothing to do with others and not be at the trouble of producing for them, but provide for himself alone a fourth of the food in a fourth of the time, and in the remaining three fourths of his time be employed in making a house or a coat or a pair of shoes, having no partnership with others, but supplying himself all his own wants? Note: 370a And they will take care that their families do not exceed their means; having an eye to poverty or war. Note: 372c But is war an art so easily acquired that a man may be a warrior who is also a husbandman, or shoemaker, or other artisan; although no one in the world would be a good dice or draught player who merely took up the game as a recreation, and had not from his earliest years devoted himself to this and nothing else? Note: 374c What is to be done then? I said; how shall we find a gentle nature which has also a great spirit, for the one is the contradiction of the other? Note: 375d you know that well-bred dogs are perfectly gentle to their familiars and acquaintances, and the reverse to strangers. Note: 375e And what shall be their education? Can we find a better than the traditional sort?\u2014and this has two divisions, gymnastic for the body, and music for the soul. Note: 376e You know, I said, that we begin by telling children stories which, though not wholly destitute of truth, are in the main fictitious; Note: 377a You know also that the beginning is the most important part of any work, especially in the case of a young and tender thing; for that is the time at which the character is being formed and the desired impression is more readily taken. Note: 377b Then the first thing will be to establish a censorship of the writers of fiction, Note: 377c Those, I said, which are narrated by Homer and Hesiod, and the rest of the poets, who have ever been the great story-tellers of mankind. Note: 377d Neither, if we mean our future guardians to regard the habit of quarrelling among themselves as of all things the basest, should any word be said to them of the wars in heaven, and of the plots and fightings of the gods against one another, for they are not true. Note: 378b If they would only believe us we would tell them that quarrelling is unholy, Note: 378d therefore it is most important that the tales which the young first hear should be models of virtuous thoughts. Note: 378e And is he not truly good? and must he not be represented as such? Note: 379b Shall I ask you whether God is a magician, and of a nature to appear insidiously now in one shape, and now in another\u2014sometimes himself changing and passing into many forms, sometimes deceiving us with the semblance of such transformations; or is he one and the same immutably fixed in his own proper image? Note: 380d every God remains absolutely and for ever in his own form. Note: 381c Then no motive can be imagined why God should lie? Note: 381e Then is God perfectly simple and true both in word and deed; he changes not; he deceives not, either by sign or word, by dream or waking vision. Note: 382a Can any man be courageous who has the fear of death in him? Note: 386b commend the world below, Note: 386c our principle is that the good man will not consider death terrible to any other good man who is his comrade. Yes; that is our principle. And therefore he will not sorrow for his departed friend Note: 387d Neither ought our guardians to be given to laughter. Note: 388e If, then, the ruler catches anybody beside himself lying in the State, 'Any of the craftsmen, whether he be priest or physician or carpenter,' he will punish him for introducing a practice which is equally subversive and destructive of ship or State. Note: 389d Are not the chief elements of temperance, speaking generally, obedience to commanders and self-control in sensual pleasures? Note: 389e then if, instead of speaking in the person of Chryses, he had continued in his own person, the words would have been, not imitation, but simple narration. Note: 393d if they imitate at all, they should imitate from youth upward only those characters which are suitable to their profession\u2014the courageous, temperate, holy, free, and the like; but they should not depict or be skilful at imitating any kind of illiberality or baseness, lest from imitation they should come to be what they imitate. Note: 395c Then, I said, we will not allow those for whom we profess a care and of whom we say that they ought to be good men, to imitate a woman, Note: 395d And as for the words, there will surely be no difference between words which are and which are not set to music; both will conform to the same laws, and these have been already determined by us? Yes. And the melody and rhythm will depend upon the words? Certainly. We were saying, when we spoke of the subject-matter, that we had no need of lamentation and strains of sorrow? True. And which are the harmonies expressive of sorrow? You are musical, and can tell me. The harmonies which you mean are the mixed or tenor Lydian, and the full-toned or bass Lydian, and such like. These then, I said, must be banished; even to women who have a character to maintain they are of no use, and much less to men. Note: 398d the good soul, by her own excellence, improves the body as far as this may be possible. Note: 403d Therefore, I said, the judge should not be young; he should have learned to know evil, not from his own soul, but from late and long observation of the nature of evil in others: knowledge should be his guide, not personal experience. Note: 409b And as there are two principles of human nature, one the spirited and the other the philosophical, some God, as I should say, has given mankind two arts answering to them (and only indirectly to the soul and body), in order that these two principles (like the strings of an instrument) may be relaxed or drawn tighter until they are duly harmonized. Note: 411e Then there must be a selection. Let us note among the guardians those who in their whole life show the greatest eagerness to do what is for the good of their country, and the greatest repugnance to do what is against her interests. Note: 412d We must watch them from their youth upwards, and make them perform actions in which they are most likely to forget or to be deceived, and he who remembers and is not deceived is to be selected, and he who fails in the trial is to be rejected. Note: 413c must we take our youth amid terrors of some kind, and again pass them into pleasures, and prove them more thoroughly than gold is proved in the furnace, that we may discover whether they are armed against all enchantments, and of a noble bearing always, Note: 413e Some of you have the power of command, and in the composition of these he has mingled gold, wherefore also they have the greatest honour; others he has made of silver, to be auxiliaries; others again who are to be husbandmen and craftsmen he has composed of brass and iron; Note: 415a elements mingle in their offspring; for if the son of a golden or silver parent has an admixture of brass and iron, then nature orders a transposition of ranks, and the eye of the ruler must not be pitiful towards the child because he has to descend in the scale and become a husbandman or artisan, Note: 415b In the first place, none of them should have any property of his own beyond what is absolutely necessary; Note: 416e Gold and silver we will tell them that they have from God; the diviner metal is within them, and they have therefore no need of the dross which is current among men, Note: 417a they are only fed, and not paid in addition to their food, like other men; and therefore they cannot, if they would, take a journey of pleasure; Note: 420a our guardians may very likely be the happiest of men; but that our aim in founding the State was not the disproportionate happiness of any one class, but the greatest happiness of the whole; Note: 420b if he has no money, and cannot provide himself with tools or instruments, he will not work equally well himself, nor will he teach his sons or apprentices to work equally well. Note: 421e And this sort of universal saving power of true opinion in conformity with law about real and false dangers I call and maintain to be courage, Note: 430b But when the cobbler or any other man whom nature designed to be a trader, having his heart lifted up by wealth or strength or the number of his followers, or any like advantage, attempts to force his way into the class of warriors, or a warrior into that of legislators and guardians, for which he is unfitted, and either to take the implements or the duties of the other; or when one man is trader, legislator, and warrior all in one, then I think you will agree with me in saying that this interchange and this meddling of one with another is the ruin of the State. Note: 434b And the greatest degree of evil-doing to one's own city would be termed by you injustice? Note: 434c But the question is not quite so easy when we proceed to ask whether these principles are three or one; whether, that is to say, we learn with one part of our nature, are angry with another, and with a third part desire the satisfaction of our natural appetites; or whether the whole soul comes into play in each sort of action\u2014to determine that is the difficulty. Note: 436b The same thing clearly cannot act or be acted upon in the same part or in relation to the same thing at the same time, in contrary ways; and therefore whenever this contradiction occurs in things apparently the same, we know that they are really not the same, but different. Note: 436c And if you suppose something which pulls a thirsty soul away from drink, that must be different from the thirsty principle which draws him like a beast to drink; Note: 439b Then we may fairly assume that they are two, and that they differ from one another; the one with which a man reasons, we may call the rational principle of the soul, the other, with which he loves and hungers and thirsts and feels the flutterings of any other desire, may be termed the irrational or appetitive, the ally of sundry pleasures and satisfactions? Note: 439d And just actions cause justice, and unjust actions cause injustice? That is certain. And the creation of health is the institution of a natural order and government of one by another in the parts of the body; and the creation of disease is the production of a state of things at variance with this natural order? Note: 444d Then virtue is the health and beauty and well-being of the soul, and vice the disease and weakness and deformity of the same? Note: 444e family life of your citizens\u2014how they will bring children into the world, and rear them when they have arrived, and, in general, what is the nature of this community of women and children\u2014for Note: 449d Are dogs divided into hes and shes, or do they both share equally in hunting and in keeping watch and in the other duties of dogs? or do we entrust to the males the entire and exclusive care of the flocks, while we leave the females at home, under the idea that the bearing and suckling their puppies is labour enough for them? Note: 451d But can you use different animals for the same purpose, unless they are bred and fed in the same way? Note: 451e Yes, and the most ridiculous thing of all will be the sight of women naked in the palaestra, exercising with the men, especially when they are no longer young; they certainly will not be a vision of beauty, any more than the enthusiastic old men who in spite of wrinkles and ugliness continue to frequent the gymnasia. Note: 452b Not long ago, as we shall remind them, the Hellenes were of the opinion, which is still generally received among the barbarians, that the sight of a naked man was ridiculous and improper; Note: 452d Is she capable of sharing either wholly or partially in the actions of men, or not at all? Note: 453a 'And do not the natures of men and women differ very much indeed?' And we shall reply: Of course they do. Note: 453c You are quite right, he replied, in maintaining the general inferiority of the female sex: although many women are in many things superior to many men, yet on the whole what you say is true. Note: 455d Men and women alike possess the qualities which make a guardian; they differ only in their comparative strength or weakness. Note: 456b the wives of our guardians are to be common, and their children are to be common, and no parent is to know his own child, nor any child his parent.' Note: 457d our rulers will find a considerable dose of falsehood and deceit necessary for the good of their subjects: Note: 459d best of either sex should be united with the best as often, and the inferior with the inferior, as seldom as possible; Note: 459d Now these goings on must be a secret which the rulers only know, Note: 459e the number of weddings is a matter which must be left to the discretion of the rulers, whose aim will be to preserve the average of population? Note: 460a We shall have to invent some ingenious kind of lots which the less worthy may draw on each occasion of our bringing them together, and then they will accuse their own ill-luck and not the rulers. Note: 460a The proper officers will take the offspring of the good parents to the pen or fold, Note: 460b no mother recognises her own child; Note: 460d May it not be defined as a period of about twenty years in a woman's life, and thirty in a man's? Note: 460e at twenty years of age may begin to bear children to the State, and continue to bear them until forty; a man may begin at five-and-twenty, when he has passed the point at which the pulse of life beats quickest, and continue to beget children until he be fifty-five. Note: 460e strict orders to prevent any embryo which may come into being from seeing the light; Note: 461c this:\u2014dating from the day of the hymeneal, the bridegroom who was then married will call all the male children who are born in the seventh and tenth month afterwards his sons, Note: 461d the marriage of brothers and sisters; if the lot favours them, and they receive the sanction of the Pythian oracle, the law will allow them. Note: 461e Can there be any greater evil than discord and distraction and plurality where unity ought to reign? Note: 462b for every one whom they meet will be regarded by them either as a brother or sister, or father or mother, or son or daughter, or as the child or parent of those who are thus connected with him. Note: 463c suits and complaints will have no existence among them; they will be delivered from all those quarrels of which money or children or relations are the occasion. Note: 464e For there are two guardians, shame and fear, mighty to prevent him: shame, which makes men refrain from laying hands on those who are to them in the relation of parents; Note: 465b whether such a community be found possible\u2014as among other animals, so also among men\u2014and Note: 466d the presence of their young ones will be the greatest incentive to valour. Note: 467b I should be inclined to propose that the soldier who leaves his rank or throws away his arms, or is guilty of any other act of cowardice, should be degraded into the rank of a husbandman or artisan. Note: 468a Let no one whom he has a mind to kiss refuse to be kissed by him while the expedition lasts. Note: 468c Should not their custom be to spare them, considering the danger which there is that the whole race may one day fall under the yoke of the barbarians? Note: 469c I would take the annual produce and no more. Note: 470b And any difference which arises among them will be regarded by them as discord only\u2014a quarrel among friends, which is not to be called a war? Note: 471a suppose the women to join their armies, Note: 471d if we have discovered them, we are to require that the just man should in nothing fail of absolute justice; or may we be satisfied with an approximation, and the attainment in him of a higher degree of justice than is to be found in other men? Note: 472b what is the least change which will enable a State to pass into the truer form; and let the change, if possible, be of one thing only, or, if not, of two; at any rate, let the changes be as few and slight as possible. Note: 473b 'Until philosophers are kings, Note: 473d The lovers of sounds and sights, I replied, are, as I conceive, fond of fine tones and colours and shapes and all the artificial products that are made out of them, but their mind is incapable of seeing or loving absolute beauty. Note: 476b that absolute being is or may be absolutely known, but that the utterly non-existent is utterly unknown? Note: 477a as knowledge corresponded to being and ignorance of necessity to not-being, for that intermediate between being and not-being there has to be discovered a corresponding intermediate between ignorance and knowledge, if there be such? Note: 477b knowledge is relative to being and knows being. Note: 477b Then knowledge and opinion having distinct powers have also distinct spheres or subject-matters? Note: 477e Then those who see the many beautiful, and who yet neither see absolute beauty, nor can follow any guide who points the way thither; who see the many just, and not absolute justice, and the like,\u2014such persons may be said to have opinion but not knowledge? Note: 479e those who may be considered the best of them are made useless to the world by the very study which you extol. Note: 487d Then shall we proceed to show that the corruption of the majority is also unavoidable, and that this is not to be laid to the charge of philosophy any more than the other? Note: 489e Then let me ask you to consider further whether the world will ever be induced to believe in the existence of absolute beauty rather than of the many beautiful, or of the absolute in each kind rather than of the many in each kind? Note: 494a Just the opposite. In childhood and youth their study, and what philosophy they learn, should be suited to their tender years: during this period while they are growing up towards manhood, the chief and special care should be given to their bodies that they may have them to use in the service of philosophy; as life advances and the intellect begins to mature, let them increase the gymnastics of the soul; but when the strength of our citizens fails and is past civil and military duties, then let them range at will and engage in no serious labour, as we intend them to live happily here, and to crown this life with a similar happiness in another. Note: 498c Now, that which imparts truth to the known and the power of knowing to the knower is what I would have you term the idea of good, and this you will deem to be the cause of science, and of truth in so far as the latter becomes the subject of knowledge; Note: 508e In like manner the Good may be said to be not only the author of knowledge to all things known, but of their being and essence, and yet the good is not essence, but far exceeds essence in dignity and power. Note: 509b I understand you to say that knowledge and being, which the science of dialectic contemplates, are clearer than the notions of the arts, as they are termed, which proceed from hypotheses only: Note: 511c human beings living in a underground den, which has a mouth open towards the light and reaching all along the den; here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning round their heads. Note: 514a Like ourselves, I replied; and they see only their own shadows, or the shadows of one another, which the fire throws on the opposite wall of the cave? Note: 515a At first, when any of them is liberated and compelled suddenly to stand up and turn his neck round and walk and look towards the light, he will suffer sharp pains; the glare will distress him, and he will be unable to see the realities of which in his former state he had seen the shadows; and then conceive some one saying to him, that what he saw before was an illusion, but that now, when he is approaching nearer to being and his eye is turned towards more real existence, he has a clearer vision,\u2014what will be his reply? Note: 515c He will then proceed to argue that this is he who gives the season and the years, and is the guardian of all that is in the visible world, and in a certain way the cause of all things which he and his fellows have been accustomed to behold? Note: 516c you must not wonder that those who attain to this beatific vision are unwilling to descend to human affairs; for their souls are ever hastening into the upper world where they desire to dwell; Note: 517c And is there anything surprising in one who passes from divine contemplations to the evil state of man, misbehaving himself in a ridiculous manner; if, while his eyes are blinking and before he has become accustomed to the surrounding darkness, he is compelled to fight in courts of law, or in other places, about the images or the shadows of images of justice, and is endeavouring to meet the conceptions of those who have never yet seen absolute justice? Note: 517d But then, if I am right, certain professors of education must be wrong when they say that they can put a knowledge into the soul which was not there before, like sight into blind eyes. Note: 518c the instrument of knowledge can only by the movement of the whole soul be turned from the world of Becoming into that of being, and learn by degrees to endure the sight of being, and of the brightest and best of being, Note: 518c But what if there had been a circumcision of such natures in the days of their youth; and they had been severed from those sensual pleasures, such as eating and drinking, which, like leaden weights, were attached to them at their birth, and which drag them down and turn the vision of their Souls upon the things that are below\u2014if, Note: 519b I mean that they remain in the upper world: but this must not be allowed; they must be made to descend again among the prisoners in the den, and partake of their labours and honours, whether they are worth having or not. Note: 519d And must not the soul be perplexed at this intimation which the sense gives of a hard which is also soft? What, again, is the meaning of light and heavy, if that which is light is also heavy, and that which is heavy, light? Note: 524a Was not this the beginning of the enquiry 'What is great?' and 'What is small?' Exactly so. And thus arose the distinction of the visible and the intelligible. Note: 524c This is the way in which the study of the one has a power of drawing and converting the mind to the contemplation of true Being. Note: 524e Then you see that this knowledge may be truly called necessary, necessitating as it clearly does the use of the pure intelligence in the attainment of pure truth? Note: 526b That the knowledge at which geometry aims is knowledge of the eternal, and not of aught perishing and transient. Note: 527b that knowledge only which is of being and of the unseen can make the soul look upwards, Note: 529b The starry heaven which we behold is wrought upon a visible ground, and therefore, although the fairest and most perfect of visible things, must necessarily be deemed inferior far to the true motions of absolute swiftness and absolute slowness, which are relative to each other, and carry with them that which is contained in them, in the true number and in every true figure. Note: 529d But he will never imagine that the proportions of night and day, or of both to the month, or of the month to the year, or of the stars to these and to one another, and any other things that are material and visible can also be eternal and subject to no deviation\u2014that would be absurd; and it is equally absurd to take so much pains in investigating their exact truth. Note: 530b as the eyes are designed to look up at the stars, so are the ears to hear harmonious motions; Note: 530d And so with dialectic; when a person starts on the discovery of the absolute by the light of reason only, and without any assistance of sense, and perseveres until by pure intelligence he arrives at the perception of the absolute good, Note: 532a And, therefore, calculation and geometry and all the other elements of instruction, which are a preparation for dialectic, should be presented to the mind in childhood; not, however, under any notion of forcing our system of education. Note: 536d do not use compulsion, but let early education be a sort of amusement; Note: 536e you will have to prove them by the help of dialectic, in order to learn which of them is able to give up the use of sight and the other senses, Note: 537d youngsters, as you may have observed, when they first get the taste in their mouths, argue for amusement, Note: 539b And when they have made many conquests and received defeats at the hands of many, they violently and speedily get into a way of not believing anything which they believed before, and hence, not only they, but philosophy and all that relates to it is apt to have a bad name with the rest of the world. Note: 539c But when a man begins to get older, he will no longer be guilty of such insanity; he will imitate the dialectician who is seeking for truth, and not the eristic, who is contradicting for the sake of amusement; and the greater moderation of his character will increase instead of diminishing the honour of the pursuit. Note: 539d he treats her with very considerable indifference, she is annoyed, and says to her son that his father is only half a man and far too easy-going: adding all the other complaints about her own ill-treatment which women are so fond of rehearsing. Note: 549e And then democracy comes into being after the poor have conquered their opponents, slaughtering some and banishing some, while to the remainder they give an equal share of freedom and power; and this is the form of government in which the magistrates are commonly elected by lot. Note: 557a This, then, seems likely to be the fairest of States, being like an embroidered robe which is spangled with every sort of flower. And just as women and children think a variety of colours to be of all things most charming, so there are many men to whom this State, which is spangled with the manners and characters of mankind, will appear to be the fairest of States. Note: 557c See too, I said, the forgiving spirit of democracy, and the 'don't care' about trifles, and the disregard which she shows of all the fine principles which we solemnly laid down at the foundation of the city\u2014as when we said that, except in the case of some rarely gifted nature, there never will be a good man who has not from his childhood been used to play amid things of beauty and make of them a joy and a study\u2014how grandly does she trample all these fine notions of ours under her feet, never giving a thought to the pursuits which make a statesman, and promoting to honour any one who professes to be the people's friend. Note: 558b Say then, my friend, In what manner does tyranny arise?\u2014that it has a democratic origin is evident. Note: 562a Freedom, I replied; which, as they tell you in a democracy, is the glory of the State\u2014and that therefore in a democracy alone will the freeman of nature deign to dwell. Note: 562c I mean that the father grows accustomed to descend to the level of his sons and to fear them, and the son is on a level with his father, he having no respect or reverence for either of his parents; and this is his freedom, and the metic is equal with the citizen and the citizen with the metic, and the stranger is quite as good as either. Note: 562e the young man is on a level with the old, and is ready to compete with him in word or deed; and old men condescend to the young and are full of pleasantry and gaiety; they are loth to be thought morose and authoritative, and therefore they adopt the manners of the young. Note: 563a nor must I forget to tell of the liberty and equality of the two sexes in relation to each other. Note: 563b they cease to care even for the laws, written or unwritten; they will have no one over them. Note: 563e The people have always some champion whom they set over them and nurse into greatness. Yes, that is their way. This and no other is the root from which a tyrant springs; when he first appears above ground he is a protector. Note: 565d But when he has disposed of foreign enemies by conquest or treaty, and there is nothing to fear from them, then he is always stirring up some war or other, in order that the people may require a leader. Note: 566e is drawn into a perfectly lawless life, which by his seducers is termed perfect liberty; Note: 572e the tyrant never tastes of true freedom or friendship. Note: 576a And will not he who has been shown to be the wickedest, be also the most miserable? and he who has tyrannized longest and most, most continually and truly miserable; Note: 576c He who is the real tyrant, whatever men may think, is the real slave, and is obliged to practise the greatest adulation and servility, and to be the flatterer of the vilest of mankind. He has desires which he is utterly unable to satisfy, and has more wants than any one, and is truly poor, if you know how to inspect the whole soul of him: Note: 579e every one sees that the principle of knowledge is wholly directed to the truth, and cares less than either of the others for gain or fame. Note: 581b The philosopher, he replied, has greatly the advantage; for he has of necessity always known the taste of the other pleasures from his childhood upwards: but the lover of gain in all his experience has not of necessity tasted\u2014or, I should rather say, even had he desired, could hardly have tasted\u2014the sweetness of learning and knowing Truth. Note: 582b the delight which is to be found in the knowledge of true being is known to the philosopher only. Note: 582c reasoning is peculiarly his instrument? Note: 582d no pleasure except that of the wise is quite true and pure\u2014all others are a shadow only; Note: 583b And if there be a pleasure in being filled with that which is according to nature, that which is more really filled with more real being will more really and truly enjoy true pleasure; whereas that which participates in less real being will be less truly and surely satisfied, and will participate in an illusory and less real pleasure? Note: 585e Those then who know not wisdom and virtue, and are always busy with gluttony and sensuality, go down and up again as far as the mean; and in this region they move at random throughout life, but they never pass into the true upper world; thither they neither look, nor do they ever find their way, neither are they truly filled with true being, nor do they taste of pure and abiding pleasure. Note: 586b And when the whole soul follows the philosophical principle, and there is no division, the several parts are just, and do each of them their own business, and enjoy severally the best and truest pleasures of which they are capable? Note: 587a And is not that farthest from reason which is at the greatest distance from law and order? Clearly. And the lustful and tyrannical desires are, as we saw, at the greatest distance? Note: 587a the tyrant will live most unpleasantly, and the king most pleasantly? Note: 587b And therefore, being desirous of placing him under a rule like that of the best, we say that he ought to be the servant of the best, in whom the Divine rules; not, as Thrasymachus supposed, to the injury of the servant, but because every one had better be ruled by divine wisdom dwelling within him; or, if this be impossible, then by an external authority, in order that we may be all, as far as possible, under the same government, friends and equals. Note: 590d I understand; you mean that he will be a ruler in the city of which we are the founders, and which exists in idea only; for I do not believe that there is such an one anywhere on earth? In heaven, I replied, there is laid up a pattern of it, methinks, which he who desires may behold, and beholding, may set his own house in order. Note: 592b God, whether from choice or from necessity, made one bed in nature and one only; two or more such ideal beds neither ever have been nor ever will be made by God. Note: 597c Which is the art of painting designed to be\u2014an imitation of things as they are, or as they appear\u2014of appearance or of reality? Of appearance. Note: 598b And so, when we hear persons saying that the tragedians, and Homer, who is at their head, know all the arts and all things human, virtue as well as vice, and divine things too, for that the good poet cannot compose well unless he knows his subject, and that he who has not this knowledge can never be a poet, we ought to consider whether here also there may not be a similar illusion. Note: 598e That there are three arts which are concerned with all things: one which uses, another which makes, a third which imitates them? Yes. And the excellence or beauty or truth of every structure, animate or inanimate, and of every action of man, is relative to the use for which nature or the artist has intended them. Note: 601d The law would say that to be patient under suffering is best, and that we should not give way to impatience, as there is no knowing whether such things are good or evil; and nothing is gained by impatience; also, because no human thing is of serious importance, Note: 604c And the other principle, which inclines us to recollection of our troubles and to lamentation, and can never have enough of them, we may call irrational, useless, and cowardly? Note: 604d Then the imitative poet who aims at being popular is not by nature made, nor is his art intended, to please or to affect the rational principle in the soul; but he will prefer the passionate and fitful temper, which is easily imitated? Note: 605a And now we may fairly take him and place him by the side of the painter, for he is like him in two ways: first, inasmuch as his creations have an inferior degree of truth\u2014in this, I say, he is like him; and he is also like him in being concerned with an inferior part of the soul; Note: 605b the imitative poet implants an evil constitution, for he indulges the irrational nature which has no discernment of greater and less, but thinks the same thing at one time great and at another small\u2014he Note: 605c And should an immortal being seriously think of this little space rather than of the whole? Of the whole, certainly. But why do you ask? Are you not aware, I said, that the soul of man is immortal and imperishable? Note: 608d the souls must always be the same, for if none be destroyed they will not diminish in number. Neither will they increase, for the increase of the immortal natures must come from something mortal, and all things would thus end in immortality. Very true. But this we cannot believe\u2014reason will not allow us\u2014any more than we can believe the soul, in her truest nature, to be full of variety and difference and dissimilarity. Note: 611a justice in her own nature has been shown to be best for the soul in her own nature. Let a man do what is just, whether he have the ring of Gyges or not, Note: 612b two openings in the earth; they were near together, and over against them were two other openings in the heaven above. In the intermediate space there were judges seated, who commanded the just, after they had given judgment on them and had bound their sentences in front of them, to ascend by the heavenly way on the right hand; and in like manner the unjust were bidden by them to descend by the lower way on the left hand; these also bore the symbols of their deeds, but fastened on their backs. Note: 614c be the messenger who would carry the report of the other world to men, and they bade him hear and see all that was to be heard and seen in that place. Note: 614d wild men of fiery aspect, who were standing by and heard the sound, seized and carried them off"@en . . "A republic is the opposite of a monarchy. In a republic, leaders do not inherit their position, and they are not chosen by their predecessors or their predecessors' families. A republic may be a democracy, either direct or representative, or it may be an oligarchy or a dictatorship, with a ruling elite choosing its leaders in democratic or quasi-democratic fashion. Not all republics are democracies though. North Korea, Burma, Iran, (United States of America really? er well), etc term themselves republics but cannot be considered democratic. Communists have made a big show of being democratic, but their elections have had only one party's candidates, and we all know which party that has been."@en . "most gladly have I escaped the thing of which you speak; I feel as if I had escaped from a mad and furious master. Note: 329c because you are rich, and wealth is well known to be a great comforter. Note: 329e makers of fortunes have a second love of money as a creation of their own, resembling the affection of authors for their own poems, Note: 330c And the great blessing of riches, I do not say to every man, but to a good man, Note: 331b but as concerning justice, what is it?\u2014to speak the truth and to pay your debts\u2014no more than this? And even to this are there not exceptions? Note: 331c"@en . "Formerly the Kaisers Advisers, fronted by Charlie Robinson, a prolific band who played regularly everywhere or so it seemed at the time, regulars at the Wilde Club, they featured on Baz McHatt records, self released an EP and a CD and also appeared on two Noisebox Records releases. In addition, they recorded a four track session for Radio 1 at Maida Vale, which was broadcast on the evening show."@en . "None."@en . . . . . "A republic can be defined in many different ways. One of the more common definitions is simply \"a country which is not a monarchy\". Another definition says that a republic is \"a country where sovereignty rests with the people or the nation, rather than with the ruler\". A third definition stresses the importance of laws and constitutions, defining a republic as \"a country governed on the basis of laws rather than the wishes of individuals, where everyone is equally subject to the law\". Some simply define a republic as being a democracy. There are many other definitions of the word, and what one person considers to be a republic, another person may not."@en . "A republic was a human form of government in which the people or some portion thereof retained supreme control over the government. Many star nations founded during the Diaspora of Man were republics."@en . . "A republic is the opposite of a monarchy. In a republic, leaders do not inherit their position, and they are not chosen by their predecessors or their predecessors' families. A republic may be a democracy, either direct or representative, or it may be an oligarchy or a dictatorship, with a ruling elite choosing its leaders in democratic or quasi-democratic fashion."@en . . . . "Republic is one of the social policy trees."@en . . . "Republicanism is an ideal formed in Ancient Rome, with the Senate electing Consuls and there being tribunals, at it's core, a republic is a representative democracy with themes of nationalism. The Most Serene Republic of Venice, with it's elected Doges, is a prominent European republic of this time seen in Renaissance Kingdom as a powerful Italian nation far to the North of realms like the Kingdom of Two Sicilies."@en . "A Republic was a system of government. The Fifth Republic is an example of a Republic."@en . "A republic was a human form of government in which the people or some portion thereof retained supreme control over the government. Many star nations founded during the Diaspora of Man were republics."@en . . . . . . . "The Republic, officially known as the Galactic Republic, is the sovereign political entity that controls a majority of the galaxy."@en . "A republic is a form of government in which the populace selects representatives to legislate laws on their behalf."@en . . . . "Republic"@fr . . . . .