| abstract
| - Architecture is the art and process of planning, designing, and construction. Architecture works are often in the form buildings, which serve all kinds of purposes, from residential use to economic use to civilian use; but usually, they are either cultural symbols or just works of art. Historical civilizations are often known and identified by their surviving architectural achievements, such as Greece and Rome. The word “Architecture” includes many meanings (though there is no official meaning), such as: The art and science of design and construction of buildings, monuments, and other physical structures. The main and most used term to describe buildings, monuments, and other infrastructures. A style, type and method of designing and constructing buildings, monuments, and other physical structures. The practice and work of an architect, where the word “architecture” is a term used for professional jobs in the connection with the designing and the construction of a building, monuments, and other infrastructures (or sometimes a group of those things) and the space of the site where the buildings are located, in which they have a certain purpose of either civilian occupancy or use. The art of designing, which range from furniture, room design, and construction details to urban design, city-planning, and landscape architecture. The word “architecture” has been used to describe the activity of designing any kind or type of system, which is often used when describing the information technology. Other than just buildings and other structures, architecture often defines as the planning, designing, and constructing form, space and ambience that reflect functional, technical, social, environmental, and aesthetic themes. It requires the creative and imaginative ideas and manipulation and coordination of material, technology, environment, space, light and shadow, and purpose. Architecture also includes some of the most important aspects of constructing and realizing buildings and other structures, including scheduling, cost estimating and worker availability. As the architect, its main purpose is to produce documentation needed to construct the building, including drawings, plans and technical specifications. Architecture often defines the structure and sometimes the behavior of a building or any kind of structure that is either being constructed or already constructed. The French, ever since the Ancient Greeks and Romans and the Renaissance Italians, have been the world’s sole leaders in architecture, creating some of the world’s most magnificent works that the world has ever seen. During the Napoleonic Age, the construction of new cities (nicknamed Napoleontaoples in honor of Emperor Napoleon) was common throughout Europe, allowing a golden age for architectural design. As the Industrial Revolution flourished, new technologies allow the invention of skyscrapers, replacing stone and concrete with steel as the main building materials. During the 19th and 20th Centuries, the highly famed Napoleonic-Romanesque style was common in buildings across the French empire. However, during the late 20th and early 21st Centuries, the French have been using Modernism, the most recent form of architecture, allowing new numerous kinds of buildings to be built across French cities. Other nations have also been known for having some of the most brilliant architectural minds in the world. For example; American architects during the 1950’s have helped support the urban development during the Age of Modernism, paving the way for modern architecture. Most of their buildings include the Guggenheim Museum, Harvard Graduate Center, and the Dulles Airport. In Persia-Arabia, its cities have been well-known for its architectural magnificence. Buildings like the Burj Dubai, Mecca Clock Tower, and Qatar Financial Center have been the output for the prosperous oil industry of the region. In China and Japan, they have been known for their numerous skyscrapers due to their massive populations. Buildings like the Taipei 101; Shanghai Financial Center, the Canton Tower, and the Jin Mao Tower are masterpieces for the economic strength in China, while the Tokyo Sky Tree, the Tokyo Tower, and the grand Shimizu Mega City have made Japan a leader of state-of-the-art architecture.
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