James Madison Burns (August 9, 1845 – October 30, 1910) was a Union Army soldier and officer during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Battle of New Market Virginia on May 15, 1864. Following the war, Burns was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the US Army, eventually reaching the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. He also served in the Indian Wars and the Spanish-American War, until retiring due to disability in 1899.