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| rdfs:comment | - In aviation, a brownout (or brown-out) is an in-flight visibility restriction due to dust or sand in the air. In a brownout, the pilot cannot see nearby objects which provide the outside visual references necessary to control the aircraft near the ground. This can cause spatial disorientation and loss of situational awareness leading to an accident. Pilots have compared landing during brownouts to parallel parking an automobile with one's eyes closed. There are several factors which affect the probability and severity of brownout: Countermeasures to prevent brownout-related accidents include:
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| abstract | - In aviation, a brownout (or brown-out) is an in-flight visibility restriction due to dust or sand in the air. In a brownout, the pilot cannot see nearby objects which provide the outside visual references necessary to control the aircraft near the ground. This can cause spatial disorientation and loss of situational awareness leading to an accident. Pilots have compared landing during brownouts to parallel parking an automobile with one's eyes closed. The brownout phenomenon causes accidents during helicopter landing and take-off operations in arid desert terrain. Intense, blinding dust clouds stirred up by the helicopter rotor downwash during near-ground flight causes significant flight safety risks from aircraft and ground obstacle collisions, and dynamic rollover due to sloped and uneven terrain. Brownouts have claimed more helicopters in recent military operations than all other threats combined. There are several factors which affect the probability and severity of brownout:
* rotor disk loading
* rotor configuration
* soil composition
* wind
* approach speed and angle Countermeasures to prevent brownout-related accidents include:
* Site preparation
* Pilot technique
* Synthetic vision systems also known as "see and remember"
* Upgraded horizontal situation indicator with improved symbology
* Aerodynamics such as the "winged rotor" on the AgustaWestland EH101
* Non-visual displays of position and orientation data derived from suitable sensors, such as Tactile Situational Awareness Systems (TSAS) providing information to the pilot through the sense of touch using tactors.
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