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| rdfs:comment | - The ionosphere is
- The ionosphere is part of a planet's upper atmosphere that is ionized by radiation from space and consists of a plasma. Ionospheres are characteristic of high electron density and hence high electrical conductivity. The ionosphere affects the radio waves. The Gamma Site has an atmosphere that has a unique radioactive ionosphere, thus making it difficult to lock on to targets on the surface from orbit. The ionosphere made it problematic for Odyssey to lock onto the SG-1 and IOA delegations' signs of life on the surface after they were attacked by a large number of R-75. (SG1: "The Scourge")
- The ionosphere is one of the highest zones in a planet’s atmosphere, so named because of the ionisation caused to it by solar radiation. The planet Rajatha Prime featured a unique ionosphere which prevented accurate sensor scans being taken from orbit, because of this the ruins of a Rajathan city remained undiscovered on the planet for some two millennia. (TNG comic: "Captain's Pleasure") The atmosphere of the planetoid Darien 224 caused ionospheric bounce, which coupled with bifurcated relays made communications to the planetoid's surface difficult. (EV comic: "Cloak and Dagger")
- In 1996, Henry Starling entered Earth's upper ionosphere in the timeship Aeon. (VOY: "Future's End, Part II") In 2367, Lieutenant Paul Hickman's type 7 shuttlecraft exploded in the lower ionosphere of Tarchannen III when he tried to land the shuttle on the planet surface. (TNG: "Identity Crisis" ) Not long after, a shuttlecraft containing William T. Riker and Ambassador Odan was fired upon as it prepared to enter the upper ionosphere of Peliar Zel. (TNG: "The Host" )
- The ionosphere is a shell of electrons and electrically charged atoms and molecules that surrounds the Earth, stretching from a height of about 50 km to more than 1000 km. It owes its existence primarily to ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
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| abstract | - The ionosphere is a shell of electrons and electrically charged atoms and molecules that surrounds the Earth, stretching from a height of about 50 km to more than 1000 km. It owes its existence primarily to ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The lowest part of the Earth's atmosphere is called the troposphere and it extends from the surface up to about 10 km (6 miles). The atmosphere above 10 km is called the stratosphere, followed by the mesosphere. It is in the stratosphere that incoming solar radiation creates the ozone layer. At heights of above 80 km (50 miles), in the thermosphere, the atmosphere is so thin that free electrons can exist for short periods of time before they are captured by a nearby positive ion. The number of these free electrons is sufficient to affect radio propagation. This portion of the atmosphere is ionized and contains a plasma which is referred to as the ionosphere. In a plasma, the negative free electrons and the positive ions are attracted to each other by the electromagnetic force, but they are too energetic to stay fixed together in an electrically neutral molecule. Solar radiation at ultraviolet (UV) and shorter X-Ray wavelengths is considered to be ionizing since photons at these frequencies are capable of dislodging an electron from a neutral gas atom or molecule during a collision. At the same time, however, an opposing process called recombination begins to take place in which a free electron is "captured" by a positive ion if it moves close enough to it. As the gas density increases at lower altitudes, the recombination process accelerates since the gas molecules and ions are closer together. The point of balance between these two processes determines the degree of ionization present at any given time. The ionization depends primarily on the Sun and its activity. The amount of ionization in the ionosphere varies greatly with the amount of radiation received from the sun. Thus there is a diurnal (time of day) effect and a seasonal effect. The local winter hemisphere is tipped away from the Sun, thus there is less received solar radiation. The activity of the sun is associated with the sunspot cycle, with more radiation occurring with more sunspots. Radiation received also varies with geographical location (polar, auroral zones, mid-latitudes, and equatorial regions). There are also mechanisms that disturb the ionosphere and decrease the ionization. There are disturbances such as solar flares and the associated release of charged particles into the solar wind which reaches the Earth and interacts with its geomagnetic field.
- The ionosphere is
- In 1996, Henry Starling entered Earth's upper ionosphere in the timeship Aeon. (VOY: "Future's End, Part II") In 2367, Lieutenant Paul Hickman's type 7 shuttlecraft exploded in the lower ionosphere of Tarchannen III when he tried to land the shuttle on the planet surface. (TNG: "Identity Crisis" ) Not long after, a shuttlecraft containing William T. Riker and Ambassador Odan was fired upon as it prepared to enter the upper ionosphere of Peliar Zel. (TNG: "The Host" ) In 2368, the Tamarians created a particle scattering field over El-Adrel IV's ionosphere, so the USS Enterprise-D would not be able to beam up Jean-Luc Picard. (TNG: "Darmok" ) In 2371, the Enterprise-D was unable to scan the surface of Veridian III to locate Captain Jean-Luc Picard with its sensors as the planet's ionosphere created too much interference. (Star Trek Generations) The ionosphere of the Drayans' crysata moon contains high levels of electrodynamic turbulence, which caused a Type 6 shuttlecraft from the USS Voyager to crash in 2372. (VOY: "Innocence") In 2375, Captain Kathryn Janeway ordered Voyager into a high orbit above a class 6 gas giant to avoid ionospheric turbulence. (VOY: "Extreme Risk")
- The ionosphere is one of the highest zones in a planet’s atmosphere, so named because of the ionisation caused to it by solar radiation. The planet Rajatha Prime featured a unique ionosphere which prevented accurate sensor scans being taken from orbit, because of this the ruins of a Rajathan city remained undiscovered on the planet for some two millennia. (TNG comic: "Captain's Pleasure") The atmosphere of the planetoid Darien 224 caused ionospheric bounce, which coupled with bifurcated relays made communications to the planetoid's surface difficult. (EV comic: "Cloak and Dagger") In 2375, during the final battle of the Dominion War, the USS Defiant fired its weapons on a Breen battlecruiser that had entered the ionosphere of Cardassia. (DS9 novelization: What You Leave Behind)
- The ionosphere is part of a planet's upper atmosphere that is ionized by radiation from space and consists of a plasma. Ionospheres are characteristic of high electron density and hence high electrical conductivity. The ionosphere affects the radio waves. The Gamma Site has an atmosphere that has a unique radioactive ionosphere, thus making it difficult to lock on to targets on the surface from orbit. The ionosphere made it problematic for Odyssey to lock onto the SG-1 and IOA delegations' signs of life on the surface after they were attacked by a large number of R-75. (SG1: "The Scourge")
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