| rdfs:comment | - In the year 570 A.D., a man named Muḥammad ibn `Abd Allāh was born in the small, Arabic town of Bakkah (Mecca). This unimportant orphan would go on to become one of the most influential men in the world. In the year 610, Muhammad claims to have been visited by the Angel Gabriel, who told him he was the Prophet of Allah. Almost immediately Muhammad went on to spread the message of Islam. However, though some Meccans listened to him, many disliked his message and by 614 the persecution of the Muslims had begun. In 622, Muhammad went to Yathrib (Medina), where the locals willingly joined forces with him and converted to Islam. And so began the Islamic conquests; by the time of Muhammad's death in 632, all of the Arabian Peninsula was adhering to Islam.
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| abstract | - In the year 570 A.D., a man named Muḥammad ibn `Abd Allāh was born in the small, Arabic town of Bakkah (Mecca). This unimportant orphan would go on to become one of the most influential men in the world. In the year 610, Muhammad claims to have been visited by the Angel Gabriel, who told him he was the Prophet of Allah. Almost immediately Muhammad went on to spread the message of Islam. However, though some Meccans listened to him, many disliked his message and by 614 the persecution of the Muslims had begun. In 622, Muhammad went to Yathrib (Medina), where the locals willingly joined forces with him and converted to Islam. And so began the Islamic conquests; by the time of Muhammad's death in 632, all of the Arabian Peninsula was adhering to Islam. The next 30 years saw a series of violent conquests under the reign of the first Caliphs, which saw the creation the Rashidun Caliphate. At its peak, the Rashidun Caliphate covered everything from Afghanistan in the east to Tripoli in the west and Georgia in the north. Truly this was a force of monstrous power, conquering the Christians lands of Asia, such as Jerusalem, Armenia and Egypt. In 611, the Umayyad Caliphate was formed, which conquered the remaining lands on the west coast of North Africa, capturing the ancient city of Carthage, which had been home to the Carthaginian Empire, and immediately sacking it, the city of Tunis being built on top of it. The Umayyads then entered the Iberian Peninsula and, had it not been for King Charles Martel of the Franks, they would have most likely conquered France too. At this same time, the Roman Empire (Byzantine) was suffering heavy defeats at the hands of the Arab conquests, having lost not only all the Exarchate of Africa, but also Syria and the Levant. The Muslim forces were pushing into Anatolia, and all hope seemed to be lost for the Romans. To make matters worse, the Bulgarian Tsar Simeon I had invaded the Roman Empire in 894 but was successfully pushed back, who then took their fleet up through the Black Sea to attack the Bulgarians from the rear. However, this victory was only lasted a short while, and the Romans were defeated at the Battle of Boulgarophygon. The Bulgarians would continue to invade the Roman Empire, and following Leo the Wise's death in 912, Simeon marched to Constantinople, and although the walls of the city were impregnable, Simeon was invited in and crowned the Emperor of Bulgaria. Following his sudden death in 927, the Bulgarian power collapsed, leading to an era of peace which allowed the Romans to focus on their Islamic enemies. Under Emperor Basil II (976-1025), the Roman resistance revived, and by the year 1018 the Bulgarian Empire had been incorporated into the Roman Empire. Sadly it wasn't long after that the Seljuk Turks conquered Anatolia. From this point on wards the Roman Empire was on a steady slope downwards. However, on the 27th November 1095, Pope Urban II called together the Council of Clermont in response to a plea from the Roman Emperor, and urged all present to take up arms under the sign of the cross and go on an armed pilgramage to reclaim Jerusalem and the East. The response was overwhelming, with some 35,000 men going to fight the Islamic threat. This crusade was a success, and Jerusalem, along with much of the levant, was taken back for the Christians. From here, the point of divergence begins.
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