| rdfs:comment | - Apis cerana, sau albina meliferă asiatică (sau albina meliferă estică), este o specie de albine melifere din sudul şi sud-estul Asiei, din ţări precum China, India, Japonia, Malaysia, Nepal, Bangladesh şi Papua Noua Guinee. Această specie este o specie soră a Apis koschevnikovi, şi amândouă fac parte din acelaşi subgen ca şi albina meliferă (europeană) vestică, Apis mellifera.
- Apis cerana es una especie de abeja melífera propia de Asia, normalmente conocida como abeja melífera asiática o abeja melífera oriental. En su área de distribución ocupa el sudeste asiático, China, India, Japón, Malasia, Nepal, Bangladesh, Papúa Nueva Guinea, e Indonesia la otra mitad de la Isla Nueva Guinea anteriormente llamada Irian Jaya o Irían. Esta especie tiene un tamaño menor o similar al de la abeja europea, y lentamente es desplazada por Apis mellifera en virtud que las colonias son menos productivas medidas en kilogramos de miel, lo cual la hace más atractiva para los apicultores.
- Apis cerana, or the Asiatic honey bee (or the Eastern honey bee), are small honey bees of southern and southeastern Asia, including all the countries of the Himalayan region (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan) as well as Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Thailand, and Vietnam, and probably other countries. This species is also known as the Himalayan hive honeybee. This species is the sister species of Apis koschevnikovi, and both are in the same subgenus as the Western (European) honey bee, Apis mellifera.
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| abstract | - Apis cerana, or the Asiatic honey bee (or the Eastern honey bee), are small honey bees of southern and southeastern Asia, including all the countries of the Himalayan region (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan) as well as Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Thailand, and Vietnam, and probably other countries. This species is also known as the Himalayan hive honeybee. This species is the sister species of Apis koschevnikovi, and both are in the same subgenus as the Western (European) honey bee, Apis mellifera. It is still found in the wild, where it nests in tree holes, fallen logs, and crevices, but it is also one of the few bee species that can be domesticated. Like the Western honey bee, they are domesticated and used in apiculture, mostly in wooden boxes with fixed frames. Their size is similar or somewhat smaller than Apis mellifera, and they also have a more prominent abdominal stripes. Their honey yield is smaller, because they form smaller colonies. In folk medicine, their beeswax is used to treat and heal wounds. Farmers in the Himalayan region benefit directly from honey and other bee products from Apis cerana which are a source of income, nutrition, and medicine. The bees are also important pollinators, ensuring the pollination of mountain crops, especially early flowering fruit and vegetables. It is available when temperatures are still too low for the exotic Apis mellifera species, and still flies under cool and cloudy conditions. As with other wild bees, Apis cerana also plays an important role in combating soil degradation by pollinating wild plants and ensuring that more biomass is available to be returned to the soil. Beekeeping with Apis cerana has become an important source of income for mountain farmers, especially the poor and marginalised, as it is easy to practise. There is no capital outlay as the bee does not need to be fed, fumigated, or migrated to warmer areas in winter, and is mostly kept in traditional log hives. It also produces high-quality honey and its wax is organic and natural. Honey production is lower than for Apis mellifera, but is being increased through a focused queen breeding and selection programme. The total number of Apis cerana colonies kept by farmers is unknown, but reports indicate an estimated 120,000 colonies in Nepal, and 1.5 million in the Himalayan region of China, about 780,000 of them in Yunnan province. Apis cerana is the natural host to the mite Varroa jacobsoni and the parasite Nosema ceranae, both serious pests of the Western honey bee. Having coevolved with these parasites, A. cerana exhibits more careful grooming than A. mellifera, and thus has an effective defense mechanism against Varroa that keeps the mite from devastating colonies. Other than defensive behaviors such as these, much of their behavior and biology (at least in the wild) is very similar to that of A. mellifera. Workers do not re-use old wax as often as in other bee species and therefore their brood capping looks much lighter than those of Apis mellifera; they usually tear down old combs and build new wax constantly. Apis cerana is found at altitudes from sea level up to 3,500 metres in areas with appropriate flora and climate. This bee species has adapted to adverse climatic conditions and can survive extreme fluctuations in temperature and long periods of rainfall. It is unique in its ability to survive temperatures as low as -0.1ºC, a temperature lethal for other bee species (Apis mellifera).
* Thermal defense: When an Apis cerana hive is invaded by the Japanese giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia), about 500 Japanese honey bees (A. cerana japonica) surround the hornet and vibrate their flight muscles until the temperature is raised to 47°C (117°F), heating the hornet to death, but keeping the temperature still under their own lethal limit (48-50°C). European honey bees (A. mellifera) lack this behavior.
- Apis cerana, sau albina meliferă asiatică (sau albina meliferă estică), este o specie de albine melifere din sudul şi sud-estul Asiei, din ţări precum China, India, Japonia, Malaysia, Nepal, Bangladesh şi Papua Noua Guinee. Această specie este o specie soră a Apis koschevnikovi, şi amândouă fac parte din acelaşi subgen ca şi albina meliferă (europeană) vestică, Apis mellifera. În sălbăticie, preferă să-şi facă cuib în spaţii mici, cum ar fi trunchiurile de copaci căzuţi la pământ. La fel ca şi albinele meliferă vestică, albinele din specia Apis cerana sunt uneori domesticite şi utilizate în apicultură, în general în cutii de lemn cu rame fixe. Mărimea albinelor este similară sau sunt puţin mai mici decât cele din specia Apis mellifera, iar dungile de pe abdomen le sunt mai proeminente. Producţia de miere obţinută de la acestea este mai mică, deoarece formează colonii mai mici. În medicina polulară, ceara obţinută este folosită pentru a trata şi vindeca răni. Apis cerana este gazda naturală a acarianului Varroa iacobsoni şi a parazitului Nosema ceranae, doi dăunători serioşi ai albinei melifere europene. Coevoluând cu aceşti paraziţi, A. cerana s-a expus cu mai mare precauţie decât A. mellifera, şi şi-a dezvoltat un mecanism eficient de apărare împotriva Varroa, împiedicând acarianul să devasteze coloniile. În afara acestui comportament de apărare împotriva Varroa, comportamentul şi biologia acestei specii de albine (cel puţin în sălbăticie) sunt similare cu cele ale albinei melifere, Apis mellifera.
* Apărarea termică: Dacă o colonie de Apis cerana este invadată de viespea asiatică uriaşă (Vespa mandarinia), circa 500 de albine melifere japoneze (A. cerana japonica) înconjoară viespea şi vibrează cu ajutorul muşchilor de zbor până ce temperatura atinge 47°C (117°F), încălzind viespea până când o omoară, menţinând temperatura sub limita lor letală (48-50°C). Albinelor melifere europene ( A. mellifera) le lipseşte acest comportament.
- Apis cerana es una especie de abeja melífera propia de Asia, normalmente conocida como abeja melífera asiática o abeja melífera oriental. En su área de distribución ocupa el sudeste asiático, China, India, Japón, Malasia, Nepal, Bangladesh, Papúa Nueva Guinea, e Indonesia la otra mitad de la Isla Nueva Guinea anteriormente llamada Irian Jaya o Irían. Esta especie tiene un tamaño menor o similar al de la abeja europea, y lentamente es desplazada por Apis mellifera en virtud que las colonias son menos productivas medidas en kilogramos de miel, lo cual la hace más atractiva para los apicultores. Apis cerana tiene como ectoparásito natural al ácaro Varroa jacobsoni, el cual al pasar a la abeja europea (Apis mellifera), causó serios daños económicos en la apicultura a nivel mundial. En Apis cerana este ácaro no produce daño en virtud del ciclo biológico de la de la abeja asiática y por el comportamiento de quitarse las Varroas en vuelo, llamado grooming.
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